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Sanskrit Yoga Glossary

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

A
Abhaya fearlessness
Abhinivesa will to survive, fear of death
Abhyasa practice, focus
Acharya teacher
Adho Mukha Svanasana downward facing dog
Adwaita a philosophy according to which there is no duality - only a singular state of consciousness
Agni fire, Fire God
Aham ego
Ahankara ego, "I the doer"
Ahimsa non-violence, reducing harm - one of the yamas of ashtanga yoga
Ajapa japa spontaneous repetition of 'soham' mantra
Ajna Chakra 6th Chakra; "to perceive," "to know"; located at third eye 
Akasha ether, space
Alamba prop, support
Anahata heart
Anahata Chakra 4th Chakra; "unstruck"; located at the heart center
Ananda joyfulness, bliss, ecstasy
Ananta infinite
Anjali Mudra hands held at the heart in prayer position
Annamaya kosha physical body
Antar inner, internal
Antar dhauti internal yoga cleansing (shatkarma) techniques
Antar kumbhaka internal breath retention. The stage of pranayama where breath is retained after inhalation.
Antar mouna internal silence - a meditation practice.
Anubhava experience, realization
Apana downward moving force governing excretion, downward breath; the exhalation
Aparigraha greedlessness
Ardha half
Ardha Chandrasana half moon yoga pose
Ardha dhanurasana half bow yoga pose
Ardha matsyendrasana half spinal twist yoga position
Ardha padmasana half lotus pose
Asana yoga position or yoga pose, also called yogasana. A balanced position for smooth energy flow in specific areas of the body and mind.
Ashrama residential place of people living together in yogic tradition.
Ashtanga yoga the eight fold path of yoga as outlined by Patanjali: yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, samadhi
Ashwini mudra practice of contracting the anal sphincter.
Asmita ego, "I am-ness"
Astavakra spiritual preceptor to King Janaka (Eight-Crooks)
Asteya non-stealing
Atman soul, self
AUM the ancient sound of OM
Aura energy field surrounding the body
Avidya ignorance, "lack of knowledge"
Ayurveda science of life/longevity, 5000 year old holistic system of medicine from India
 
B top
Bahir kumbhaka external breath retention. The stage of pranayama where breath is retained after exhalation.
Bahiranga trataka concentrating the attention (gaze) upon an external object such as a candle flame.
Bahya restraint following exhalation
Bakasana crow pose
Bandha a posture in which organs and muscles are contracted to create energy lock in a specific area.
Basti a colon cleansing technique (shakarma), yogic enema 
Bhagvad Gita a part of the famous Hindu epic 'Mahabharata'. Teachings of Lord Krishna to his disciple Arjuna at the commencement of the battle of Kurukshetra, with explanations on sannyasa yoga, karma yoga, bhakti yoga, and jnana yoga.
Bhakti devotion
Bhakti yoga yoga of devotion through postures, chanting, singing, scriptural study, ritual and service to one's divinity
Bhastrika pranayama 'bellows' breathing technique in which the breath is forcibly drawn in and out through the nose in equal proportions, like the pumping action of the bellows.
Bhavana intention, attitude
Bhramari pranayama breathing practice in which a soft "humming-bee" sound is produced during exhalation to stimulate the Ajna Chakra
Bhrumadhya dristi between the eyebrows (the third eye)
Bhujangasana cobra' pose.
Bhumi earth
Bhuta element
Bija seed
Bindu point at the third eye symbolizing wisdom and connection to the sacred
Bodhi enlightenment, state of being awakened
Bodhisattva being who seeks to attain enlightenment
Brahmacarya appropriate use of one's vital energy
Brahman supreme consciousness, absolute reality, energy of creation
Buddha awakened one
Buddhi intellect, reason, decision-making aspect of the citta
 
C top
Chakra literally meaning circle or wheel, in yoga this refers to the energy centers lying along the confluence of the nadis (energy channels)  
Chandra moon
Chandra nadi ida nadi
Chaturanga crocodile pose
Chidakasha psychic space in front of the closed eyes, just behind the forehead.
Chin mudra hand gesture in which the first finger is kept at the root of the thumb, the last three fingers are unfolded.
Cit pure consciousness (without gunas)
Citta conditioned consciousness (with gunas)
Citta vrtti chatter of the mind
 
D top
Danam selfless giving
Danda dhauti one of the cleansing techniques (shatkarmas), used to clean the esophagus with a stick.
Dandasana staff pose
Danta dhauti teeth cleansing technique
Deva God, male deity
Devi Goddess, female deity
Dhanurasana bow' pose; backward bending yoga pose
Dharana practice of concentration; sixth of the eight fold path in ashtanga yoga
Dharma duty, righteous path, virtue, that which upholds
Dhauti second of the shatkarmas; swallowing cloth to clean stomach
Dhyana meditation; single-pointed focus of mind on either a form, thought or sound.
Dhyana meditation, maintaining focus
Diksha initiation given by the guru.
Dista pointed
Dosha three humours of the body; see kapha, pitta, vata
Dristi view; yogic gaze; focal point
Dugdha neti nasal irrigation or cleansing technique using milk
Duhkha pain, suffering "bad space"
Durga female aspect of Shiva
Dvesa aversion, dislike
Dwi/dvi two
 
E top
Eka one
Eka Pada Rajakapotasana pigeon pose
Ekagrata one-pointedness
 
G top
Ganda cheek, side of face
Ganesha elephant-headed son of Shiva, scribe of the Mahabharata, remover of obstacles
Garbha womb
Garudasana eagle pose
Ghrita neti neti (nasal cleansing technique) performed with ghee
Gomukhasana cow's face' posture
Guna attribute, quality of nature (see sattva, rajas, tamas)
Guru spiritually enlightened soul, who can dispel darkness, ignorance and illusion from the mind and enlighten the consciousness of a devotee/disciple, teacher
 
H top
Halasana plough pose
Hanuman energy of service, monkey deity servant of Rama and son of the wind god
Hasta hand
Hastagrai dristi tip of the hand
Hatha force, joining of sun (ha) and moon (tha)
Hatha Yoga the yoga of force; the practice of balancing opposites
Hrdaya heart
Hridaya akasha psychic space of the heart centre
 
I top
Ida nadi left energy channel (feminine, lunar)
Indriya sense organ (eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin)
Isvara personal God
Isvara Pranidhana devotion, surrender to a higher force
 
J top
Jala water
Jala net, web, lattice or mesh
Jala basti the yoga technique of enema using water - one of the yoga shatkarma 
Jala neti a shatkarma technique - cleansing of the nasal passages with water by alternating the flow of water in the nostrils, preferably using a neti pot.
Jalandhara bandha chin or neck lock
Janu knee
Japa continuous chanting i.e repetition of a mantra
Jihva dhauti one of the shatkarma techniques for cleansing the tongue.
Jiva individual self, embodied soul; also known as purusa
Jivanmukta someone who is liberated in this lifetime
Jivatman individual self enshrined in the human body
Jnana knowledge, insight, wisdom
Jnana mudra the gesture of knowledge - in this the index finger is bent so that its tip is joined with the tip of the thumb, the other three fingers are spread out.
Jnana Yoga Yoga of Wisdom based on the study of scripture, self study, and direct inquiry, rather than following in the footsteps of a guru
 
K top
Kali female aspect of Shiva
Kapala skull
Kapalabhati pranayama a breathing technique aimed at cleaning the frontal part of the brain; also called skull shining - done through rapid breaths with more force on exhalation.
Karma action, effect of past actions
Karma Yoga Yoga of Action through selfless service and awareness of our actions and their consequences
Karna dhauti one of the shatkarma which involves cleansing the ears.
Karuna compassion
Kevala kumbhaka spontaneous cessation of breath without any conscious effort.
Kirtan inspiring vibrational music accompanied by mantra
Klesha afflictions or tensions - according to yoga there are 5 such afflictions present in humans from birth
kona angle
Koormasana tortoise' pose - an advanced posture.
Kosha sheath or subtle body; realm of experience and existence.
Krishna 8th incarnation of Vishnu, main character in the Bhagavad Gita
Kriya action, work; sets of postures
Kriya Yoga The "active performance of yoga"; consists of 3 elements-ascetic practice, study and chanting of sacred hymns, and dedication to the Lord of yoga
Kumbhaka breath retention
Kundalini the divine cosmic force in our bodies, energy which moves up the body through the Sushumna nadi "having a coil"
Kundalini yoga Yoga that seeks to awaken the kundalini shakti though asana sets, pranayama, and meditation
Kunjal kriya a shatkarma (cleansing) technique that involves the cleansing of the stomach by drinking in water and then expelling it by inducing vomiting.
 
L top
Laghoo shankhaprakshalana a shatkarma technique - also referred as the short intestinal wash. Involves the drinking of several glasses of water and the expelling it through stool after a series of exercises (asanas); in the process a thorough cleansing of the colon takes place. 
Laya yoga union with the supreme consciousness through pranayama or devotion. Literally, union by absorption
lila divine play, cosmic play
linga phallic symbol of Shiva, subtle body, "mark"
loka world, universe; state of light
 
M top
Maha great  
Maha bandha the great lock - combines the three locks in yoga - the mula bandha, jalandhara bandha and uddiyana bandha - together with breath retention.
Maha mudra the great gesture - combines the practice of mula bandha, shambhavi and khechari mudras simultaneously.
Maha nadi literally means 'great nadi', which is the 'sushumna' in yoga
Mahabharata classic Indian epic tale describing a war between two rival families, imparting many ethical lessons
Maitri friendliness, love
Mala garland, necklace
Mandala wheel, ring, circle, circumference
Manipura navel
Manipura chakra 3rd Chakra; "lustrous gem"; located at the solar plexus
Manomaya kosha mental body
Mantra subtle sound vibration, which through repetition aims at expanding one's awareness or consciousness.
Mantra shakti the power of mantra
Matsyendrasana a spine twisting pose
Maya veil of illusion 
Mayurasana peacock' pose - advanced pose aims at strengthening the arms and stimulating the manipura chakra.
Moksa liberation, freedom from the cycle of birth and death.
Mouna silence - the practice of silence
Mudra literally means 'gesture' - mudra expresses and channelizes cosmic energy within the mind and body.
Mukta / mukti released, liberated, freed
Mula root, base, beginning, cause, source
Mula bandha energy lock created by the contraction of the perineum in the male and the cervix in the female.
Muladhara Chakra 1st Chakra; "root" or "support"; located at the perineum
Muni sage
 
N top
Nabhichakra dristi navel chakra focal point
Nad Yoga Yoga of Sound
Nadi energy channels in the body, similar to the meridians in acupuncture
Nadi shodhana pranayama breathing technique - is the 'alternate nostril breathing' or 'balanced breathing' - balances the energy flow in the channels and purifies the energy channels (nadi) by balancing the flow of breath through the right and left nostrils.
Namaskara a very respectful greeting
Namaste a greeting, "salutations to you"; "the light in me honors the light in you"; "the Divine in me recognizes the Divine in you"
Nasagra/nasikagra mudra hand gesture adopted during pranayama to alternate the flow of breath through the nostrils.
Nasagrai dristi tip of the nose focal point
Natarajasana dancer pose
Nauli abdominal massage' - a cleansing technique (shatkarma) involving the contraction of the rectus abdominal muscles.
Navasana boat pose
Neti kriya another shatkarma (cleansing technique) - involves cleaning of the nasal passages or sinus irrigation; jala neti forms a part of the various neti kriyas.
Nidra deep, dreamless sleep
Nirvana extinguishing, liberated from existence
Nityananda external bliss
Niyama personal ethics as described in the Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali
 
O top
Ojas strength of prana, subtle energy of the immune system
OM the primordial sound; a sacred mantra representing the absolute/oneness of the universe
Om Tat Sat Thou Art That; denotes that we are the Divine, and we should look within ourselves to find the holy
 
P top
Pada foot, leg
Padagrai dristi tip of the foot (toes) focal point
Padma lotus
Padmasana lotus pose - a seated meditative posture
Pancha tattwa the five elements - earth, water, fire, air and ether
Param highest, supreme, God
Paramatman supreme Self, the Absolute
Parinama transformation, change
Parivrtta revolved, turned round or back
Parsva sideways, side, flank
Parsva dristi sideways (far left or far right) focal point
Parvati Lord Shiva's consort,  the "Divine Mother"
Paschima back, behind, West
Paschimottanasana back stretching pose
Patanjali author of the Yoga Sutras and preacher of the eight-fold (ashtanga) yoga
Payaswini nadi energy channel terminating at the right big toe, between poosha and pingala channels
Pingala nadi right channel energy channel (masculine, solar)
Poornima full moon night
Prajna insight, wisdom
Prakamya fulfillment of desire
Prakasha inner light
Prakrti manifest world, nature, one's genetic constitution; composed of three gunas
Pramana proof
Pramatman higher-Self, supreme-Self
Prana breath, energy, vital life force; associated with the inhale
Pranamaya kosha vital body or breath sheath
Pranayama technique of breathing and breath control which regulates energy flow and aims at maintaining energy balance
Prasad an offering usually food to and from the guru or higher power
Pratyahara sense withdrawal; first stage of concentrating on the mind during meditation
Pravritti nature of the mind
Prithvi tattwa the earth element 
Prthivi earth
Puja worshipful celebration
Puraka inhalation
Purana eighteen ancient books consisting of legends and mythological narrations dealing with creation, recreation and the genealogies of sages and rulers
Purusha witnessing consciousness unaffected by the material world; individual soul
Purushartha purpose of the consciousness, of man's existence- the four basic needs or desires: dharma, Artha, kAama, mokSha
Purva front, East
 
R top
Raga attachment, passion, desire
Raja king, royal
Raja yoga Royal Yoga; classical yoga; considered to be the yoga of balance between devotion and knowledge
Rajas guna of activity
Rama incarnation of Vishnu, main character in the Ramayana
Ramayana classic Indian epic depicting Rama's life and the battle between good and evil
Rechaka exhalation
Rishi seer or sage
Rudra Lord Shiva; Rudra is said to have sprung from Brahma's forehead and is one of the holy trinity
 
S top
Sadhana practice
Sadhu holy man or saint
Sahasrara chakra 7th Chakra; "thousand-fold," "thousand-petaled"; located at the top of the head
Sakshi witness
Salamba supported
Sama same, identical, equal
Samadhi complete absorption, bliss, enlightenment
Samana inward moving force governing digestion and homeostasis, equalizing breath
Samsara perpetual cycle of birth and death
Samskara veil of illusion; past conditioning, behaviors, patterns, habits, and experiences
Samyama complete self-control (of the mind); the last three limbs of yoga
San/sat six
Sankalpa spiritual resolve.
Sannyasi one who has renounced the world in seek of self-realization.
Santosha contentment
Sarasvati/Saraswati energy of speech and learning, wife of Brahma, Goddess who bestows knowledge of fine arts and power of speech
Sarva all, whole, entire
Sarvangasana shoulderstand - an inverted posture
Sat truth
Satali pranayama cooling breath+B237 - a pranayama technique that lowers the body temperature by inhaling through the mouth while letting the breath flow in over the tongue.
Satguru guru who has attained self-realization
Sat karma the six yogic techniques of purification of the body, viz. neti, dhauti, nauli, basti, trataka, kapalbhati
Satsang the meeting of like minded people to share knowledge, understanding, generosity and love
Sattva guna of light, intelligence, purity
Satya truthfulness
Sauca purity
Seva service, one of the cornerstones of Karma Yoga
Shabda Brahman cosmic causal state.
Shakti cosmic power, ability, energy, name of Shiva's consort
Shambhavi mudra a yoga gesture in which one focuses at the mid-eyebrow centre
Shanti peace, calmness
Shanti, Shakti, Shambu Triple blessing meaning "Peace, Power, Plenty"
Shavasana  corpse pose, final relaxation
Shishya disciple; student
Shiva (Siva) energy of destruction and transformation; the God of Destruction and Restoration; God of Yoga
Siddha semi-divine being, inspired sage
Siddha power, accomplishment
Siddhasana a meditative seating posture in which the left heel presses the perineum (stimulating the muladhara chakra); also called as the adept's pose or the 'pose of perfection'.
Sirsa (shirsa) head
Sirshasana inverted pose - the 'headstand' in which the body is inverted and balanced on the crown of the head
Sita Rama's beautiful wife, viewed as the perfect woman
Smriti mindfulness
Sodhana purifying or cleansing
Soham represents a mantra in meditation; literally means, 'I am That'. Represents the Psychic sound with the sound 'so' during inhalation and 'ham' during exhalation.
Soma yogic nectar, sacred juice, moon
Sri term of respect to depict honor and holiness; also means excellent, venerable, auspicious; used to refer to success, prosperity, glory
Sthula-sarira gross body
Sukha easy, pleasurable, comfortable, "good space," "inner joy"
Sukhasana a comfortable meditative pose; also called the 'easy pose' or simply the cross-legged pose.
Suksma-sarira subtle body
Supta supine, lying down
Surya  sun, represents Divine Light
Surya namaskar sun salutation
Sushumna nadi main energy channel in yoga, in the centre of the spinal cord through which kundalini shakti flows.
Sutra thread, aphorism
Sutra neti yogic technique to cleanse the nasal passage using a special thread
Svadhishthana chakra 2nd Chakra; "one's own place"; located just below the navel
Svadhyaya self study / observation
Svarupa one's true nature, "own-form"
Swami title for a Spiritual Master; monk
Swastikasana auspicious pose -meditative posture similar to siddhasana
 
T top
Tadasana palm tree pose- standing posture
Tamas guna of dullness, inertia, laziness, procrastination
Tantra technique usually involving mantra, yantra, and deities, especially the Goddess
Tapas a practice causing change, "heat"
Tejas brilliance and heat of prana, fire
Trataka one of the cleansing techniques (shatkarma) in which the gaze is focused upon an object such as a candle flame.
Tri three
Trimarga Threefold Path of Yoga; includes Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga, and Karma Yoga
Trimurti Hindu Trinity of Gods represents the three facets of Isvara: Brahma, the Evolver and Emanator; Vishnu, the Preserver and Sustainer; and Shiva, the Destroyer and Regenerator
 
U top
Udana upward moving force governing effort, speech, upward breath
Uddiyana bandha abdominal retraction lock; drawing in of the abdomen towards the backbone after exhaling
Ujjayi pranayama a kind of breathing technique which produces an oceanic sound.
Upanishad texts compiled after the Vedas encapsulating their wisdom, "sitting close and beneath"
Urdhva dristi focal point that is upwards, to the sky
Ustrasana camel pose
Utkatasana chair pose 
 
V top
Vairagya visual geometrical pattern designed to represent divine ideas
Vajrasana the 'thunderbolt' pose; a kneeling posture with buttocks resting upon the heels.
Vama swara flow of breath in the left nostril
Vaman dhauti yogic technique to cleanse the stomach by voluntary vomiting. There are two types: kunjal kriya (regurgitating of water) and vyaghra (regurgitating of food)
Varisara dhauti yogic cleansing technique in which a large quantity of water is drunk in conjunction with asanas to cleanse the entire digestive tract; also known as shankhaprakshalana.
Vasana innate predisposition, tendency, trait
Vashitva ability to control all objects, living and non-living
Vastra dhauti yogic detoxification technique in which a specially prepared cloth is swallowed and removed after ten minutes, in order to remove mucus from the stomach
vastu nature, object, surroundings, environment
Vastu Sastra science of designing and constructing structures to harmonize with nature
Vatsara dhauti a cleansing technique in which the air swallowed into the stomach is belched out
Vayu air, wind
Vayu tattwa air element
Vayus winds of the body
Veda knowledge, name of the ancient Indian Scriptures (Vedas)
Vedanta philosophy of Vedic thought encapsulated in the Unpanishads, "essence of the Vedas"
Vedas four ancient texts- Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharva, which are further divided into Samhita, Brahmana, Aranayaka and Upanishads. They were revealed to the sages and saints of India which explain and regulate every aspect of life from supreme reality to worldly affairs.  The oldest books in the library of mankind
Vijnanamaya kosha consciousness or the sheath of intellect
Viniyoga application of yoga
Vinyasa flowing sequence, arrangement
Virasana heroes pose - for concentration and discriminative thinking.
Vishnu (Visnu) The Supreme Lord; energy of preservation and maintenance
Vishuddha chakra 5th Chakra; "purification"; located at the throat
Visuddha pure
Viveka discernment, distinguish the real from the unreal
Vritti fluctuation, activity, "a turning"
Vrksasana tree pose
Vrscikasana scorpion pose
Vyana outward moving force governing circulation, pervading breath
Vyasa author of the Mahabharata
 
Y top
Yajna worship or sacrifice
Yamas social ethics
Yamuna river emanating from Yamnotri in the Himalayas and joining Ganga near Allahabd, North India; refers to pingala nadi in the pranic body.
Yantra visual geometrical pattern designed to represent divine ideas
Yoga state of union between two opposites - body and mind; individual and universal consciousness; a process of uniting the opposing forces in the body and mind in order to achieve supreme awareness and enlightenment.
Yoga abhyasa practice of yoga
Yoga nidra a deep relaxation technique also called 'yogic sleep' in which mind and body is at complete rest but with complete awareness+B365
Yoga Sutra written by Patanjali and meant to provide a non-sectarian guideline for practicing yoga
Yogabrasthas those that practiced yoga in previous lives and continue their practice in the current life where they left off
Yogi one who practices yoga (male)
Yogini one who practices yoga (female)

 

 

 

 

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